Everything about United Kingdom Of Great Britain totally explained
The
Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the
United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a
state in
Western Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800. It was created by the merger of the
Kingdom of Scotland and the
Kingdom of England, under the
Acts of Union 1707, to create a single kingdom encompassing the whole of the island of
Great Britain. A new single parliament and government, based in
Westminster in
London, controlled the new kingdom. The two separate kingdoms of Scotland and England had
shared the same monarch since
James VI, King of Scots, became
King of England in 1603 following the death of
Queen Elizabeth I.
The Kingdom of Great Britain was superseded by the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 when the
Kingdom of Ireland was absorbed with the enactment of the
Act of Union 1800 following the suppression of the
Irish Rebellion of 1798.
Political structure
The island of Great Britain was ruled by a single monarch with two titles (King of England and King of Scotland) following the Union of the Crowns in 1603, except during the
Interregnum and during the
joint reign of
William and
Mary. From 1707, however, the monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain ruled by the power of a single unified
Crown of Great Britain, rather than by the power of both crowns of the previously separate Kingdoms. The succession to the throne was determined by the English
Act of Settlement, rather than the Scottish equivalent, the
Act of Security. The adoption of the Act of Settlement required that the heir to the English throne be a
Protestant descendant of
Sophia of Hanover, effecting the future
Hanoverian succession. The Act of Union 1707 extended this to the new unified Kingdom of Great Britain.
Legislative power was vested in the
Parliament of Great Britain, which replaced the
Parliament of England and the
Parliament of Scotland. As with the modern
Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Parliament of Great Britain included three elements: the
House of Commons, the
House of Lords, and the
Crown-in-Parliament.
England and
Scotland were given seats in both the House of Lords and the House of Commons of the new parliament. Although Scotland's representation in both houses was smaller than its population indicated it should have been, representation in parliament was at that time based not on population but on taxation, and Scotland was given a greater number of seats than its share of taxation warranted. Under the terms of the
union, Scotland sent 16
representative peers to the Lords and elected 45 members to the Commons, with the rest being sent from England and
Wales. This cooperation still forms the basis of British politics today.
Name
Often, the Kingdom of Great Britain is given the alternative name of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain, which is often shortened to
United Kingdom. There is substantial debate over whether the latter name is acceptable. The Acts of Union refer in name to the
United Kingdom of Great Britain in several places; critics argue in rebuttal that the word "united" is only a descriptive word, and not part of the style, citing the Acts of Union themselves, which state that England and Scotland were "United into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain".
The name "United Kingdom" is sometimes preferred for purposes of continuity, particularly in the military and colonial spheres. At the time of the Act of Union 1800, which unambiguously styled the country as the "United Kingdom", the British were embroiled in the
Great French War and the
British Empire possessed many colonies in the
Americas,
India, and
Australia. Some who would otherwise prefer the term "Kingdom of Great Britain" thus use "United Kingdom" to avoid using two different names for a single military and colonial power, which may confuse the discussion.
However "United Kingdom" seems to have come into popular use, and so at the time of the Act of Union with Ireland the name was officially adopted.
Britain in the 18th century
Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the
Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict - waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance - left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe.
The 18th century would see England (after 1707, Britain) rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, and France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage.
The death of
Charles II of Spain in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to
Philippe of Anjou, a grandson of the King of France, raised the prospect of the unification of France, Spain and their respective colonies, an unacceptable state of affairs for Britain and the other powers of Europe. In 1701, Britain, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the
Holy Roman Empire against
Spain and
France in the
War of the Spanish Succession. The conflict, which France and Spain were to lose, lasted until 1714. At the concluding peace
Treaty of Utrecht, Philip renounced his and his descendents' right to the French throne. Spain lost its empire in Europe, and though it kept its empire in the Americas and the Philippines, it was irreversibly weakened as a power. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained
Newfoundland and
Acadia, and from Spain,
Gibraltar and
Minorca.
Gibraltar, which is still a
British overseas territory to this day, became a critical naval base and allowed Britain to control the Atlantic entry and exit point to the
Mediterranean.
Deeper political integration of Britain had been a key policy of
Queen Anne (reigned 1702–14), the last Stuart monarch of
England and
Scotland and the only Stuart monarch of the
Kingdom of Great Britain). Under the aegis of the Queen and her advisors a
Treaty of Union was drawn up, and negotiations between England and Scotland began in earnest in 1706. The Acts of Union received
royal assent in 1707, uniting the separate Parliaments and crowns of England and Scotland and forming the Kingdom of Great Britain. Anne became formally the first occupant of the unified British throne and Scotland sent 45 MPs to the new
parliament at Westminster.
The
Seven Years' War, which began in 1756, was the first war waged on a global scale, fought in Europe, India, North America, the Caribbean, the Philippines and coastal Africa. The signing of the
Treaty of Paris (1763) had important consequences for Britain and its empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power there was effectively ended with the ceding of
New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and
Louisiana to Spain. Spain ceded
Florida to Britain. In India, the
Carnatic War had left France still in control of its
enclaves but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British client states, effectively leaving the future of India to Britain. The British victory over France in the Seven Years War therefore left Britain as the world's dominant colonial power.
During the 1760s and 1770s, relations between the
Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's ability to tax American colonists without their consent. Disagreement turned to violence and in 1775 the
American Revolutionary War began. The following year, the colonists
declared the independence of the United States and with economical and naval assistance from France, would go on to win the war in 1783.
The loss of the United States, at the time Britain's most populous colony, is seen by historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa.
Adam Smith's
Wealth of Nations, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that
free trade should replace the old
mercantilist policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the protectionism of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 confirmed Smith's view that political control wasn't necessary for economic success.
During its first century of operation, the focus of the
British East India Company had been trade, not the building of an empire in India. Company interests turned from trade to territory during the 18th century as the Mughal Empire declined in power and the British East India Company struggled with its French counterpart, the
La Compagnie française des Indes orientales, during the
Carnatic Wars of the 1740s and 1750s. The
Battle of Plassey, which saw the British, led by
Robert Clive, defeat the French and their Indian allies, left the Company in control of
Bengal and a major military and political power in India. In the following decades it gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force of the
Indian Army, 80% of which was composed of native Indian
sepoys.
In 1770,
James Cook had discovered the eastern coast of
Australia whilst on a scientific
voyage to the South Pacific. In 1778,
Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of
Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of
convicts set sail, arriving in 1788.
At the threshold to the 19th century, Britain was challenged again by France under
Napoleon, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations.
It wasn't only Britain's position on the world stage that was threatened: Napoleon threatened invasion of Britain itself, and with it, a fate similar to the countries of continental Europe that his armies had overrun. The
Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones that Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the
Royal Navy, which won a decisive victory over the French fleet at
Trafalgar in 1805.
Monarchs
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